Base Fuel Combustion

National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory

For the pollutants and sources discussed in this section, the emission results from the combustion of fuel. The statistics used to calculate the emission are fuel consumption statistics taken from DTI (1999).

Emissions are calculated according to the equation:

E(p,s,f) = A(s,f) × e(p,s,f)

where

E(p,s,f) = Emission of pollutant p from source s

from the combustion of fuel f (kg)

A(s,f) = Consumption of fuel f by source s (kg or therms)

e(p,s,f) = Emission factor of pollutant p from

source s from combustion of fuel f (kg/kg or kg/therm)

The sources covered by this module are:

Domestic
Miscellaneous
Other Non-Industrial
Public Service
Refineries
Iron & Steel (Combustion)
Iron & Steel (Sinter Plant)
Other Industry (Combustion)
Autogenerators
Gas Production
Collieries
Production of Nuclear Fuel
Coastal Shipping
Fishing
Agriculture
Ammonia (Combustion)
Railways (Stationary Sources)
Aircraft Military
Shipping Naval

The fuels covered are listed in Table A2, though not all fuels occur in all sources.

Tables A3 to A6 list the emission factors used in this module. Emission factors are expressed in terms of kg pollutant/ t for solid and liquid fuels and g/therm for gases. This differs from the IPCC and /UNECE approach which expresses emission factors as tonnes pollutant/ TJ based on the net calorific value of the fuel. For gases, the NAEI factors are based on the gross calorific value of the fuel. This approach is used because the gas consumption data in DTI, (1999) are reported in terms of energy content on a gross basis. It should be noted that gross calorific values of fuels are higher than net calorific values.

Carbon dioxide emissions from biomass combustion are not included in the national total as suggested in the IPCC Guidelines but emissions of other pollutants from biomass are. The NAEI includes emissions from the combustion of wood in the industrial and domestic sectors as well as the combustion of straw in agriculture. DTI (1999) reports estimates of wood and straw combustion for energy use and the estimate of emissions is based on this data. Emission factors are given in Table A5 Emissions from biogas and poultry litter combustion are included in the NAEI and are discussed in Section 2.3 since they occur mainly in electricity generation.

The sulphur dioxide emission factors are updated each year where possible. For liquid fuels they are based on data provided by UKPIA(1999). Prior to 1995, the sulphur dioxide emission factors for coal were based on data supplied by British Coal on the sulphur contents of coals sold into different sectors in the UK. Since then, similar sulphur content and sales data has been gathered from the four main UK coal producers and sectoral averages estimated. The estimates take account of coal imports which tend to have a lower sulphur content than home produced coal though most of this coal is used in power stations and for coking.

For most of these categories, the emission is estimated from a fuel consumption reported in DTI (1999) and an emission factor appropriate to the type of combustion e.g. commercial gas fired boiler. However the DUKES category ‘Other Industries’ covers a range of sources and types, so the Inventory disaggregates this category into a number of sub-categories:

Other Industry
Other Industry Off-Road:- See Section 2.10.4
Ammonia Feedstock (natural gas only):- See Section 2.6.11
Ammonia (Combustion) (natural gas only):- See Section 2.6.12
Cement & Lime Fuel (Combustion in cement and lime kilns) :- See Section 2.6.4

The NAEI category Other Industry refers to stationary combustion in boilers and heaters. The other categories are estimated by more complex methods discussed in the sections indicated. The fuel consumption of Other Industry is estimated so that the total fuel consumption of these sources is consistent with DUKES, (DTI, 1999).

Table A3 Emission Factors for the Combustion of Liquid Fuels (kg/t)

Fuel	Source	C	CH₄	N₂O	NO_x	CO	NMVOC	SO₂	PM₁₀	BS^q
ATF	Aircraft Military	859^a	0.0825^d	0.1^e	23.7^d	4.0^d	0.667^d	1.0^g	-	0.98
Burning Oil	Domestic	859^a	0.309^b	0.0265^e	2.21^b	0.16^f	0.133^b	0.6^g	0.014^m	0.007
Burning Oil(P)	Domestic	859^a	0.309^b	0.0265^e	2.21^b	0.16^f	0.133^b	<0.1^g	0.014^m	0.007
Burning Oil	Agriculture, Railways, Other Industry, Public Service	859^a	0.0432^b	0.0265^e	2.84^m	0.16^f	0.0865^b	0.6^g	0.014^m	0.007
Gas Oil	Agriculture	857^a	0.225^b	0.026^e	2.84^m	0.71^f	0.128^k	2.8^g	0.25^m	0.75
Gas Oil	Domestic	857^a	0.303^b	0.026^e	2.16^b	0.24ⁱ	0.13^b	2.8^g	0.25^r	0.75
Gas Oil	Fishing;Coastal Shipping Naval	857^a	0.288^p	0.2^d	57.0^d	7.4^d	2.11^p	19.4^h	1.07^m	1.35
Gas Oil	Other Industry, Iron & Steel	857^a	0.0432^b	0.026^e	3.46^b	0.24ⁱ	0.0865^b	2.8^g	0.25^m	0.75
Gas Oil	Other Non-Industrial	857^a	0.0432^b	0.026^e	2.84^b	0.24ⁱ	0.0865^b	2.8^g	0.25^m	0.75
Gas Oil	Refineries	857^a	0.0432^b	0.026^e	3.46^b	0.24ⁱ	0.0865^b	2.8^g	1.07^m	0.75
Gas Oil	Town Gas Production	857^a	0.0432^b	NE	3.46^b	0.24ⁱ	0.0865^b	- ^o	1.07^m	0.75
Fuel Oil	Agriculture; Other Non-Industrial	850^a	0.122^b	0.0243^e	6.99^m	0.5ⁱ	0.122^b	40.2^g	1.032^m	1.0
Fuel Oil	Fishing;Coastal Shipping, International Marine	850^a	0.288^p	0.2^d	57.0^d	7.4^d	2.11^p	56.4^h	1.032^m	1.35
Fuel Oil	Domestic	850^a	0.303^b	0.0243^e	6.99^m	0.5ⁱ	0.13^b	40.2^g	1.032^m	1.0
Fuel Oil	Iron&Steel, Other Ind., Railways (Stationary)	850^a	0.122^b	0.0243^e	7.54ⁱ	0.5ⁱ	0.122^b	40.2^g	1.032^m	1.0
Fuel Oil	Refineries	850^a	0.122^b	0.0243^e	6.1^b	0.5ⁱ	0.122^b	40.2^g	1.032^m	1.0
Fuel Oil	Town Gas Production	850^a	0.122^b	NE	7.54ⁱ	0.5ⁱ	0.122^b	-^o	1.032^m	1.0
Naphtha	Refineries	940^a	0.122^j	0.0182^e	7.54^j	0.5^j	0.122^j	40.2^j	1.07^c	1.0
Miscellaneous	Refineries	800^a	0.122^j	0.0247^e	7.54^j	0.5^j	0.122^j	40.2^j	1.07^m	1.0
Lubricants	Other Industry	804	0.0432ⁿ	0.026ⁿ	3.46ⁿ	0.24ⁿ	0.0865ⁿ	2.8ⁿ	0.25ⁿ	0.75ⁿ
Petrol	Refineries	855^a	0.0432ⁿ	0.0179^e	3.46ⁿ	0.24ⁿ	0.0865ⁿ	0.8^g	0.204^m	1.0

Table A3: Notes

a UKPIA (1989)

b CORINAIR (1992)

c USEPA (1995)

d EMEP/CORINAIR (1996)

e IPCC(1997)

f USEPA (1977)

g 1998 emission factor based on UKPIA (1999)

h EMEP (1990)

i Walker et al. (1985)

j As fuel oil

k NMVOC emission factor estimated as 98.75% of total hydrocarbon emission factor taken from USEPA (1977).

m USEPA(1997)

n As gas oil

o Source no longer exists

p Methane factor estimated as 12% of total hydrocarbon emission factor taken

from EMEP/CORINAIR(1996) based on speciation in IPCC (1997).

q Keddie et al. (1978); Timmis et al. (1988)

Table A4 Emission Factors for Combustion of Coal (kg/t)

	C	CH₄	N₂O	NO_x	CO	NMVOC	SO₂	PM₁₀	BS
Agriculture	659.6^a	0.011^c	0.155^e	4.31^b	4.1^g	0.05^c	21.8^h	2.5^k	1.0^j
Town Gas Production	710^a	0.011^c	NE	5.15^b	4.1^g	0.05^c	- ⁱ	2.5^k	1.0^j
Collieries	659.6^a	0.011^c	0.061^e	4.53^b	4.1^g	0.05^c	23.6^h	2.5^k	1.0^j
Domestic	676.8^a	15.7^c	0.119^e	1.42^b	45.0^f	14^c	19.0^h	10.4^k	40.0^j
Iron & Steel	659.6^a	0.011^c	0.0704^e	4.97^b	4.1^g	0.05^c	21.8^h	2.5^k	1.0^j
Miscellaneous, Public Service	659.6^a	0.011^c	0.143^e	3.96^b	4.1^g	0.05^c	21.8^h	2.5^k	1.0^j
Other Industry	659.6^a	0.011^c	0.213^e	4.65^b	4.1^g	0.05^c	21.8^h	2.5^k	1.0^j
Railways	659.6^a	0.011^c	0.0753^e	5.04^b	4.1^g	0.05^c	21.8^h	20^k	20.0^j
Autogenerators	659.6^a	0.02^c	0.0658^e	4.65^b	4.1^g	0.03^c	21.8^h	2.5^k	1.0^j

Notes for Table A4

a British Coal (1989)

b CORINAIR (1992)

c Brain et al, (1994)

e Fynes et al. (1994)

f USEPA (1977)

g Walker et al. (1985)

h 1998 emission factor based on Data provided by RJB Mining (1999), Celtic Energy (1999), Scottish Coal (1998), Tower (1999)

i Source no longer exists

j Keddie et al. (1978); Timmis et al. (1988)

k USEPA (1997)

Table A5 Emission Factors for Combustion of Solid Fuels (kg/t)

		C	CH₄	N₂O	NO_x	CO	NMVOC	SO₂	PM₁₀	BS
Anthracite	Domestic	813.4^a	2.0^e	0.14^h	1.6^b	45.0^f	1.7^e	14.4^k	3.59^m	5.6^o
Coke	Agriculture	795.4^a	0.011ⁱ	0.144^g	4.0^b	4.1ⁱ	0.05ⁱ	19.0^l	0.288^m	0.225^o
Coke	Coke Production; SSF Productn	820^a	0.011ⁱ	0.221^h	4.8^b	4.1ⁱ	0.05ⁱ	19.0^l	0.288^m	0.225^o
Coke	Domestic	803.6^a	5.8ⁱ	0.111^h	1.33^b	45^j	4.9ⁱ	16.0^l	0.288^m	5.6^o
Coke	I&S (Sinter Plant)	795.4^a	0.011ⁱ	0.221^h	4.8^b	109ⁿ	0.05ⁱ	19.0^l	0	0.225^o
Coke	I&S (Combustion); Other Industry; Town Gas Production	795.4^a	0.011ⁱ	0.221^h	4.8^b	4.1ⁱ	0.05ⁱ	19.0^l	0.288^m	0.225^o
Coke	Railways	795.4^a	0.011ⁱ	0.144^g	4.8^b	4.1ⁱ	0.05ⁱ	19.0^l	0.288^m	0.225^o
Coke	Miscellaneous; Public Service	795.4^a	0.011ⁱ	0.144^g	4.0^b	4.1ⁱ	0.05ⁱ	19.0^l	0.288^m	0.225^o
Petro- Coke	Refineries	800^c	0.0127ⁱ	0.256^h	12.7^d	4.1ⁱ	0.0577ⁱ	60.6^d	0.463^d	0.225^o
SSF	Agric; Miscellaneous; Public Service	766.3^a	0.011ⁱ	0.143^g	3.96^b	4.1ⁱ	0.05ⁱ	19.0^l	0.23^m	0.225^o
SSF	Domestic	774.2^a	5.8ⁱ	0.112^h	1.32^b	45^j	4.9ⁱ	16.0^l	5.6^m	5.6^o
SSF	I & S (Combustion), Other Industry, Railways	766.3^a	0.011ⁱ	0.143^g	4.75^b	4.1ⁱ	0.05ⁱ	19.0^l	0.23^m	0.225^o
Straw	Agriculture	NE	4.28^g	0.057^g	1.43^g	71.3^g	8.56^g	0	11^m	NE
Wood	Domestic	NE	3.61^b	0.0388^g	0.722^b	99.2^g	5.42^b	0.037^m	NE	NE
Wood	Other Industry	NE	0.482^b	0.069^g	3.21^b	7.1^g	0.803^b	0.037^m	NE	NE

Notes for Table A5

a British Coal (1989)

b CORINAIR (1992)

c UKPIA (1989)

d UKPIA(1999) Emission factor for 1998

e Brain et al, (1994)

f USEPA (1977)

g IPCC (1997)

h Fynes et al. (1994)

i As coal

j As anthracite

k 1998 emission factor based on Data provided by RJB Mining (1999), Celtic Energy (1999), Scottish Coal (1998), Tower (1999)

l Munday (1990)

m USEPA(1997)

n Factor derived from British Steel (2000) emissions data.

o Keddie et al. (1978); Timmis et al. (1988)

Table A6 Emission Factors for the Combustion of Gaseous Fuels (g/therm)

Fuel	Source	C	CH₄	N₂O	NO_x	CO	NMVOC	SO₂	PM₁₀
BF Gas	Iron & Steel (Flaring), Iron & Steel (Combustion), Blast Furnaces	6273^a	11.8^d	0.211^d	8.33^d	4.17^d	0.591^d	0	0.1^h
BF Gas	Coke Production	6273^a	0.0317^d	0.211^d	11^d	15.8^d	0.317^d	0	0.1^h
Coke Oven Gas	Flaring, Iron & Steel, Other Industry, Town Gas Prod	1599^a	0.791^b+	NE	8.55^b	6.17^d	1.85^b+	53.8^k	0.135^h
Coke Oven Gas	Collieries	1599^a	0.791^b+	NE	8.55^b	6.17^d	1.85^b+	53.8^k	0.755^h
Coke Oven Gas	Blast Furnaces	1599^a	0.791^b+	NE	64^k	49.2^d	1.85^b+	53.8^k	0.135^h
Coke Oven Gas	Coke Production	1599^a	0.791^b+	NE	51.1^k	49.2^d	1.85^b+	53.8^k	0.135^h
LPG	Domestic	1874^c	0.0971^h	0.0095^j	4.85^b	0.863^g	0.194^h	0	0.393^h
LPG	Gas Prodn; Town Gas Prodn, I&S; Other Industry; Refineries	1874^c	0.0971^h	0.0095^j	9.4^h	0.25^g	0.194^h	0	0.295^h
Natural Gas	Agriculture;	1501^e	0.38^b	0.0095^j	4.88^h	0.25ⁱ	0.38^b	0	0.604^h
Natural Gas	Coke Production; SSF Productn	1501^e	0.38^b	0.0095^j	9.5^b	0.25ⁱ	0.38^b	0	0.108^h
Natural Gas	Domestic	1501^e	0.285^b	0.0095^j	4.85^l	0.863^p	0.665^b	0	0.482^h
Natural Gas	Gas Prodn, Iron & Steel, Other Industry, Refineries, Nuclear Fuel Prodn, Blast Furnaces	1501^e	0.38^b	0.0095^j	9.5^b	0.25ⁱ	0.38^b	0	0.108^h
Natural Gas	Collieries	1501^e	0.38^b	0.0095^j	9.5^b	0.25ⁱ	0.38^b	0	0.604^h
Natural Gas	Miscellaneous	1501^e	0.38^b	0.0095^j	4.88^h	0.25ⁱ	0.38^b	0	0.108^h
Natural Gas	Public Service	1501^e	0.38^b	0.0095^j	4.88^h	0.25ⁱ	0.38^b	0	0.514^h
Natural Gas	Railways (stationary)	1501^e	0.38^b	0.0095^j	9.5^b	0.25ⁱ	0.38^b	0	NE
Natural Gas	Autogenerators	1501^e	0.579^j	0.351^j	4.69ⁿ	0.019^q	0.51^m	0	0.108^h
Natural Gas	Ammonia Combustion	1501^e	0.38^b	0.0095^j	28.6^o	0.25ⁱ	0.38^b	0	NE
Natural Gas	Town Gas Production	1501^e	0.38^b	NE	9.5^b	0.25ⁱ	0.38^b	0	0.108^h

Table A6 Emission Factors for the Combustion of Gaseous Fuels Continued (g/therm)

Town Gas	Domestic	1599^f	0.285^g	NE	4.85^g	0.863^g	0.665^g	0.602^h
Town Gas	Miscellaneous; Public Service	1599^f	0.38^g	NE	4.88^g	0.25^g	0.38^g	0.755^h
Town Gas	Gas Production, Iron & Steel	1599^f	0.38^g	NE	9.5^g	0.25^g	0.38^g	0.135^h
Town Gas	Other Industry	1599^f	0.38^g	NE	9.5^g	0.25^g	0.38^g	0.755^h
OPG	Refineries, Other Industry, Gas Production	1627^c	0.324^b+	NE	13.6^b	0.25^g	0.647^b+	0.295^h
OPG	Town Gas Production	1627^c	0.324^b+	NE	13.6^b	0.25^g	0.647^b+	0.393^h
Colliery CH₄	Collieries	1501^g	0.38^g	0.0095^g	9.5^g	0.25^g	0.38^g	0.604^h
Colliery CH₄	Coke Prodn, Gas Prodn, Other Industry	1501^g	0.38^g	0.0095^g	9.5^g	0.25^g	0.38^g	0.108^h
Sewage Gas	Public Services	NE	64.9^h	NE	94.6^h	17.4^h	4.99^h	0.612^h
Landfill Gas	Miscellaneous	NE	64.9^h	NE	94.6^h	17.4^h	4.99^h	0.612^h

Notes for Table A6

a British Coal (1989)

b CORINAIR (1992)

b+ Derived from CORINAIR(1992) assuming 30% of total VOC is methane

c UKPIA (1989)

d EMEP/CORINAIR (1996)

e British Gas (1992)

f British Gas (1988)

g As natural gas

h USEPA(1997)

i Walker et al. (1985)

j IPCC(1997)

k Emission factor derived from emissions reported in the PI

l British Gas (1994)

m USEPA(1997) estimated from total VOC factor and the methane factor given

n PowerGen (1999); National Power (1999), Eastern (1999)

o Data provided by Terra (1999), Kemira (2000)

p USEPA (1977)

q Powergen (1994)